Aiškinamasis terminų ir santrumpų žodynėlis (pildomas)

ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange	JAV informacijos (teksto) kodavimo standartas. ASCII formato failas - tai failas, kurį gali perskaityti bet kuris kompiuteris, nes jame nėra formatavimo ir kitos specifinės informacijos, atsiradusios naudojant teksto redaktorių. Šis standartas kartais dar vadinamas “plain text” (paprastas tekstas).
Banner	Reklaminis paveiksliukas, "skydelis", interneto svetainėje.
BBS (Skelbimų lentos)	Bulletin Board System. Privati paslauga, prie kurios naudotojai jungiasi telefono tinklais. Ji skirta pasikeitimui bylomis ir pranešimais. Labiausiai paplitusi JAV.
Bits and Bytes	Bitai ir baitai. Bitas yra mažiausias informacijos kiekio vienetas kompiuteryje, koduojamas vienu iš dviejų būsenų elementu (0 arba 1). Trumpinamas “b”. Bitas dažnai maišomas su baitu. Baitas yra dvejatainis elementas (informacijos matavimo vienetas), susidedantis iš aštuonių bitų ir trumpinamas “B”. Baitais yra matuojama atminties įrenginio talpa. Bitais yra matuojamas informacijos perdavimo greitis (pvz. 14.400 bitų per sekundę).
Bombing	Elektroninio pašto dėžutės tvindymas anoniminiais laiškais.
Browser	Naršyklė. Programinė įranga skirta WWW puslapių skaitymui. Labiausiai paplitusios naršyklės: Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator (Communicator) ir Opera.
CD-I	Compact Disk Interactive. Philips ir Sony pasiūlyta savarankiškos multimedijos sistemos specifikacija, kuri palaiko vienu metu vykstančius interaktyvius vaizdo, garso, teksto ir duomenų procesus.
CD-ROM	Compact Disc - Read Only Memory Kompaktinės plokštelės rūšis skirta skaitmeninių duomenų saugojimui. Tai yra 12 cm skersmens plokštelė, galinti saugoti apie 650 Mb įvairaus formato skaitmeninių duomenų. Duomenis galima tik skaityti.
Decompression	Išplėtimas. Procesas, atkoduojantis suspaustą informaciją (pvz., paveikslą) ir išplečiantis duomenis iki originalaus dydžio.
Digitise	Skaitmenizavimas. Procesas, kurio metu analoginiai signalai paverčiami skaitmeniniais. Dažiausiai naudojamas apibūdinti teksto ar piešinio skenavimą naudojant specialią techniką, sukuriant mašinai suprantamus duomenis, kuriais gali manipuliuoti atitinkamos programos.
DTV Digital Television	Skaitmeninė televizija. Sistema, kurioje televizijos signalai paverčiami skaitmeniniais, suspaudžiami ir siunčiami vartotojams, turintiems dekodavimo įrangą. Paprastai dažnių juostoje, naudojamoje persiųsti vieną analoginės televizijos kanalų, gali tilpti 10 skaitmeninės televizijos kanalų.
Classified Ad	Konkrečios temos reklaminis tekstas ar paveiksliukas.
DVD Digital Video Disk	DVD yra sukurtas saugoti pilną skaitmeninį filmą, tuo būdu yra žymiai talpesnis ir geresnės kokybės negu CD-ROM.
E-mail Electronic Mail	Elektroninis paštas. Elektroninių žinučių siuntimo internetu sistema.
E- mail Discussion List	Sistema, kuri realizuoja elektroninių žinučių siuntimą konkrečiai grupei žmonių. Viena žinutė siunčiama grupei žmonių, kurie yra užsiregistravę į tą pačią diskusijų grupę.
EP- Electronic Publishing	Elektroninė leidyba. Bet kokia nespausdinta informacinė medžiaga, kuri išleista skaitmeniniam pavidale.
E-zine	Konkrečios temos elektroninis laikraštis.
Flaming	Vyksta diskusijos metu naujienų arba diskusijų grupėse, kai visi dalyviai siunčia laiškus neišsprendžiama tema, pvz.: “Kokia programavimo kalba yra geriausia?”
HTML	Hypertext Markup Language Standartinė programavimo kalba, skirta internetinių svetainių kūrimui.
Hyperlink	Nuoroda. Tekstinė arba grafinė nuoroda į kitą vietą, puslapį ar bylą internete. Tai pagrindinis būdas internete "keliauti" per svetaines arba jų viduje.
Mailing List	Elektroninio pašto naudotojų sąrašas, kuriems siunčiami tie patys laiškai.
Metadata	Meta duomenys. Duomenys apie duomenis. Informacija skirta aprašyti HTML puslapio turinį, temą, autorių ir pan. Ja naudojasi paieškos sistemos aprašydamos kiekvieną naują interneto puslapį.
Multimedia	Multimedija. Tai technologija, kuri sujungia įvairias pateikimo technologijas viename kūrinyje. Ji naudoja kompiuterinę grafiką, garsą, animaciją ir video. kartais vadinama daugiaterpe technologija.
Newsgroups	Naujienų grupės. Formali pasaulinio masto pranešimų ir diskusijų sistema. Kiekvienas interneto naudotojas gali skaityti ir rašyti naujienų grupėse skelbiamas žinutes. Kai kurios naujienų grupės yra prižiūrimos moderatoriaus. Jis gali spręsti ar žinutė atitinka naujienų grupės taisykles, jei ne moderatorius gali taikyti sankcijas, pvz.: atjungimą nuo naujienų grupės. Naujienų grupės būna įvairių temų.
Offline	Kompiuterio būsena, kai jis yra neprisijungęs prie interneto.
Online	Kompiuterio būsena, kai jis yra prisijungęs prie interneto.
Reciprocal Link	Nuoroda į jūsų interneto svetainę iš kitos svetainės internete.
Robot (Spider)	Robotas. Programinė įranga, kuri indeksuoja interneto puslapius (dar vadinama voru (Spider)).
Search Engine	Paieškos sistema. Sistema, kuri padeda surasti internete tai, ko jūs ieškote.
Spamming	Didelio kiekio elektroninių žinučių siuntimas tam, kas jų neprašė.
Spider	Voras. Programinė įranga, kuri indeksuoja interneto puslapius (dar vadinama robotu (Robot)).
TP (Traditional Publishing)	Tradicinė leidyba. Knygos, periodiniai leidiniai ir pan.
Usenet	Pasaulinio masto diskusijų ir naujienų grupių sistema.
Web	Žiūr. WWW (World Wide Web)
Web Site - Interneto svetainė	Interaktyviai pateikta informacija internete.
WWW - World Wide Web	Pasaulinis kompiuterių tinklas. Internetas – globalinio kompiuterių tinklo tarnyba.
Web Server	A computer that delivers (serves up) Web pages. Every Web server has an IP address and possibly a domain name. For example, if you enter the URL http://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html in your browser, this sends a request to the server whose domain name is pcwebopedia.com. The server then fetches the page named index.html and sends it to your browser. Any computer can be turned into a Web server by installing server software and connecting the machine to the Internet. There are many Web server software applications, including public domain software from NCSA and Apache, and commercial packages from Microsoft, Netscape and others
Web page	A document on the World Wide Web. Every Web page is identified by a unique URL (Uniform Resource Locator).
Verti-port	A Web site that focuses on a particular industry, subject matter, or target group. The online retailer Amazon.com is a verti-port pioneer that until recently concentrated solely on books. Internet.com and Industry.net are verti-ports in Internet and engineering. Also referred to as miniportals.
Electronic commerce	Conducting business on-line. This includes, for example, buying and selling products with digital cash and via Electronic Data Interchange (EDI).
Video conferencing	Conducting a conference between two or more participants at different sites by using computer networks to transmit audio and video data. For example, a point-to-point (two-person) video conferencing system works much like a video telephone. Each participant has a video camera, microphone, and speakers mounted on his or her computer. As the two participants speak to one another, their voices are carried over the network and delivered to the other's speakers, and whatever images appear in front of the video camera appear in a window on the other participant's monitor. Multipoint videoconferencing allows three or more participants to sit in a virtual conference room and communicate as if they were sitting right next to each other. Until the mid 90s, the hardware costs made videoconferencing prohibitively expensive for most organizations, but that situation is changing rapidly. Many analysts believe that videoconferencing will be one of the fastest-growing segments of the computer industry in the latter half of the decade.
Multimedia	The use of computers to present text, graphics, video, animation, and sound in an integrated way. Long touted as the future revolution in computing, multimedia applications were, until the mid-90s, uncommon due to the expensive hardware required. With increases in performance and decreases in price, however, multimedia is now commonplace. Nearly all PCs are capable of displaying video, though the resolution available depends on the power of the computer's video adapter and CPU. Because of the storage demands of multimedia applications, the most effective media are CD-ROMs.
Multimedia kit	A package of hardware and software that adds multimedia capabilities to a computer. Typically a multimedia kit includes a CD-ROM or DVD player, a sound card, speakers, and a bundle of CD-ROMs.
WebTV	A general term for a whole category of products and technologies that enable you to surf the Web on your TV. Most WebTV products today consist of a small box that connects to your telephone line and television. It makes a connection to the Internet via your telephone service and then converts the downloaded Web pages to a format that can be displayed on your TV. These products also come with a remote control device so that you can navigate through the Web. A future class of WebTV products will not require telephone connections at all, but instead will access the Internet directly through the cable TV lines.
Digital watermark	A pattern of bits inserted into a digital image, audio or video file that identifies the file's copyright information (author, rights, etc.). The name comes from the faintly visible watermarks imprinted on stationery that identify the manufacturer of the stationery. The purpose of digital watermarks is to provide copyright protection for intellectual property that's in digital format. Unlike printed watermarks, which are intended to be somewhat visible, digital watermarks are designed to be completely invisible, or in the case of audio clips, inaudible. Moreover, the actual bits representing the watermark must be scattered throughout the file in such a way that they cannot be identified and manipulated. And finally, the digital watermark must be robust enough so that it can withstand normal changes to the file, such as reductions from lossy compression algorithms. Satisfying all these requirements is no easy feat, but there are a number of companies offering competing technologies. All of them work by making the watermark appear as noise - that is, random data that exists in most digital files anyway. To view a watermark, you need a special program that knows how to extract the watermark data.
Lossy compression	Refers to data compression techniques in which some amount of data is lost. Lossy compression technologies attempt to eliminate redundant or unnecessary information. Most video compression technologies, such as MPEG, use a lossy technique.
Data compression	Storing data in a format that requires less space than usual. Compressing data is the same as packing data. Data compression is particularly useful in communications because it enables devices to transmit the same amount of data in fewer bits. There are a variety of data compression techniques, but only a few have been standardized. The CCITT has defined a standard data compression technique for transmitting faxes (Group 3 standard) and a compression standard for data communications through modems (CCITT V.42bis). In addition, there are file compression formats, such as ARC and ZIP. Data compression is also widely used in backup utilities, spreadsheet applications, and database management systems. Certain types of data, such as bit-mapped graphics, can be compressed to a small fraction of their normal size.
Store	To copy data from a CPU to memory, or from memory to a mass storage device.
Compact disc	Known by its abbreviation, CD, a compact disc is a polycarbonate with one or more metal layers capable of storing digital information. The most prevalent types of compact discs are those used by the music industry to store digital recordings and CD-ROMs used to store computer data. Both of these types of compact disc are read-only, which means that once the data has been recorded onto them, they can only be read, or played. Another type of compact disc, called CD-Rs and CD_RWs, can have their data erased and overwritten by new data. Currently, erasable optical storage is too slow to be used as a computer's main storage facility, but as the speed improves and the cost comes down, optical storage devices are becoming a popular alternative to tape systems as a backup method.
CD-ROM	Pronounced see-dee-rom, abbreviation of Compact Disc-Read-Only Memory. A type of optical disk capable of storing large amounts of data -- up to 1GB, although the most common size is 650MB (megabytes). A single CD-ROM has the storage capacity of 700 floppy disks, enough memory to store about 300,000 text. CD-ROMs are stamped by the vendor, and once stamped, they cannot be erased and filled with new data. To read a CD, you need a CD-ROM player. All CD-ROMs conform to a standard size and format, so you can load any type of CD-ROM into any CD-ROM player. In addition, CD-ROM players are capable of playing audio CDs, which share the same technology. CD-ROMs are particularly well-suited to information that requires large storage capacity. This includes color large software applications, graphics, sound, and especially video.
Software piracy	The unauthorized copying of software. Most retail programs are licensed for use at just one computer site or for use by only one user at any time. By buying the software, you become a licensed user rather than an owner. You are allowed to make copies of the program for backup purposes, but it is against the law to give copies to friends and colleagues. Software piracy is all but impossible to stop, although software companies are launching more and more lawsuits against major infractors. Originally, software companies tried to stop software piracy by copy-protecting their software. This strategy failed, however, because it was inconvenient for users and was not 100 percent foolproof. Most software now requires some sort of registration, which may discourage would-be pirates, but doesn't really stop software piracy. An entirely different approach to software piracy, called shareware, acknowledges the futility of trying to stop people from copying software and instead relies on people's honesty. Shareware publishers encourage users to give copies of programs to friends and colleagues but ask everyone who uses a program regularly to pay a registration fee to the program's author directly. Commercial programs that are made available to the public illegally are often called warez.
Courseware	Software designed to be used in an educational program.
Freeware	Copyrighted software given away for free by the author. Although it is available for free, the author retains the copyright, which means that you cannot do anything with it that is not expressly allowed by the author. Usually, the author allows people to use the software, but not sell it.
Authoring tool	Also known as authorware, a program that helps you write hypertext or multimedia applications. Authoring tools usually enable you to create a final application merely by linking together objects, such as a paragraph of text, an illustration, or a song. By defining the objects' relationships to each other, and by sequencing them in an appropriate order, authors (those who use authoring tools) can produce attractive and useful graphics applications. Most authoring systems also support a scripting language for more sophisticated applications. The distinction between authoring tools and programming tools is not clear-cut. Typically, though, authoring tools require less technical knowledge to master and are used exclusively for applications that present a mixture of textual, graphical, and audio data.
Informix	Founded in 1980, Informix is one of the fastest growing DBMS software companies. Though still much smaller company than its chief rival, Oracle, Informix has been able to make large market-share gains recently due to its innovative technology.
Distributed database	A database that consists of two or more data files located at different sites on a computer network. Because the database is distributed, different users can access it without interfering with one another. However, the DBMS must periodically synchronize the scattered databases to make sure that they all have consistent data.
Dynaset	A database sub-table that selects and sorts records as specified by a question. It will automatically reflect changes in its underlying tables and, when modified, can make changes in those tables.
Convergence	(1) The coming together of two or more disparate disciplines or technologies. For example, the so-called fax revolution was produced by a convergence of telecommunications technology, optical scanning technology, and printing technology. (2) In graphics, convergence refers to how sharply an individual color pixel on a monitor appears. Each pixel is composed of three dots -- a red, blue, and green one. If the dots are badly misconverged, the pixel will appear blurry. All monitors have some convergence errors, but they differ in degree.
Lossless compression	Refers to data compression techniques in which no data is lost. The PKZIP compression technology is an example of lossless compression. For most types of data, lossless compression techniques can reduce the space needed by only about 50%. For greater compression, one must use a lossy compression technique. Note, however, that only certain types of data -- graphics, audio, and video -- can tolerate lossy compression. You must use a lossless compression technique when compressing data and programs
Netiquette	Contraction of Internet etiquette, the etiquette guidelines for posting messages to online services, and particularly Internet newsgroups. Netiquette covers not only rules to maintain civility in discussions (i.e., avoiding flames), but also special guidelines unique to the electronic nature of forum messages. For example, netiquette advises users to use simple formats because complex formatting may not appear correctly for all readers. In most cases, netiquette is enforced by fellow users who will vociferously object if you break a rule of netiquette.
Internet	A global network connecting millions of computers. As of 1999, the Internet has more than 200 million users worldwide, and that number is growing rapidly. More than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data, news and opinions. Unlike online services, which are centrally controlled, the Internet is decentralized by design. Each Internet computer, called a host, is independent. Its operators can choose which Internet services to use and which local services to make available to the global Internet community. Remarkably, this anarchy by design works exceedingly well.
World Wide Web	A system of Internet servers that support specially formatted documents. The documents are formatted in a language called HTML (HyperText Markup Language) that supports links to other documents, as well as graphics, audio, and video files. This means you can jump from one document to another simply by clicking on hot spots. Not all Internet servers are part of the World Wide Web. There are several applications called Web browsers that make it easy to access the World Wide Web; Two of the most popular being Netscape Navigator and Microsoft's Internet Explorer.
Web portal	A Web site or service that offers a broad array of resources and services, such as e-mail, forums, search engines, and on-line shopping malls. The first Web portals were online services, such as AOL, that provided access to the Web, but by now most of the traditional search engines have transformed themselves into Web portals to attract and keep a larger audience.
Vortal	Vertical Industry Portal is a portal Web site that provides information and resources for a particular industry. Vortals are the Internet's way of catering to consumers' focused-environment preferences.Vortals typically provide news, research and statistics, discussions, newsletters, online tools, and many other services that educate users about a specific industry.As the Web becomes a standard tool for business, vortals will join and maybe replace general portal sites like AOL and Yahoo! as common gateways to the Internet.
Gateway	In networking, a combination of hardware and software that links two different types of networks. Gateways between e-mail systems, for example, allow users on different e-mail systems to exchange messages
Chat	Real-time communication between two users via computer. Once a chat has been initiated, either user can enter text by typing on the keyboard and the entered text will appear on the other user's monitor. Most networks and online services offer a chat feature.
Chat room	A virtual room where a chat session takes place. Technically, a chat room is really a channel, but the term room is used to promote the chat metaphor.
IRC	Short for Internet Relay Chat, a chat system developed by Jarkko Oikarinen in Finland in the late 1980s. IRC has become very popular as more people get connected to the Internet because it enables people connected anywhere on the Internet to join in live discussions. Unlike older chat systems, IRC is not limited to just two participants. To join an IRC discussion, you need an IRC client and Internet access. The IRC client is a program that runs on your computer and sends and receives messages to and from an IRC server. The IRC server, in turn, is responsible for making sure that all messages are broadcast to everyone participating in a discussion. There can be many discussions going on at once; each one is assigned a unique channel.
Virtual	Not real. The term virtual is popular among computer scientists and is used in a wide variety of situations. In general, it distinguishes something that is merely conceptual from something that has physical reality. For example, virtual memory refers to an imaginary set of locations, or addresses, where you can store data. It is imaginary in the sense that the memory area is not the same as the real physical memory composed of transistors. The difference is a bit like the difference between an architect's plans for a house and the actual house. A computer scientist might call the plans a virtual house. Another analogy is the difference between the brain and the mind. The mind is a virtual brain. It exists conceptually, but the actual physical matter is the brain.The opposite of virtual is real, absolute, or physical.
Virtual server	A server, usually a Web server, that shares computer resources with other virtual servers. In this context, the virtual part simply means that it is not a dedicated server -- that is, the entire computer is not dedicated to running the server software. Virtual web servers are a very popular way of providing low-cost web hosting services. Instead of requiring a separate computer for each server, dozens of virtual servers can co-reside on the same computer. In most cases, performance is not affected and each web site behaves as if it is being served by a dedicated server. However, if too many virtual servers reside on the same computer, or if one virtual server starts hogging resources, Web pages will be delivered more slowly.

Brief Timeline of the Internet
When we talk about the Internet, we talk about the World Wide Web from the past four or five years. But, its history goes back a lot further; all the way back to the 1950s and 60s.
"Where was I," you ask, "while all this was happening?" Well, it's quite simple really: the Space Program. America was so fascinated with sending men into outerspace, hundreds of miles away, it never saw what was being invented to bring everyone closer together -- eventually.
So, just in case you missed the development of the Internet, I've composed a brief timeline highlighting some of the major occurences over the past 41 years. For more extensive info, you'll find links to other timelines at the bottom of this page.

1958 President Eisenhower requests funds to create ARPA. Approved as a line item in Air Force appropriations bill.

1961 Len Kleinrock, Professor of Computer Science at UCLA, writes first paper on packet switching, "Information Flow in Large Communications Nets." Paper published in RLE Quarterly Progress Report.

1962 •J.C.R. Licklider & W. Clark write first paper on Internet Concept, "On-Line Man Computer Communications."
• Len Kleinrock writes Communication Nets, which describes design for packet switching network; used for ARPAnet

1964 Paul Baran writes, "On Distributed Communications Networks," first paper on using message blocks to send info across a decentralized network topology (Nodes and Links)

Oct. 1965 First Network Experiment: Directed by Larry Roberts at MIT Lincoln Lab, two computers talked to each other using packet-switching technology.

Dec. 1966 ARPA project begins. Larry Roberts is chief scientist.

Dec. 1968 ARPANet contract given to Bolt, Beranek & Newman (BBN) in Cambridge, Mass.

Sept. 1, 1969 First ARPANet node installed at UCLA Network Measurement Center. Kleinrock hooked up the Interface Message Processor to a Sigma 7 Computer.

Oct. 1, 1969 Second node installed at Stanford Research Institute; connected to a SDS 940 computer. The first ARPANet message sent: "lo." Trying to spell log-in, but the system crashed!

Nov. 1, 1969 Third node installed at University of California, Santa Barbara. Connected to an IBM 360/75.

Dec. 1, 1969 Fourth node installed at University of Utah. Connected to a DEC PDP-10.

March 1970 Fifth node installed at BBN, across the country in Cambridge, Mass.

July 1970 Alohanet, first packet radio network, operational at University of Hawaii.

March 1972 First basic e-mail programs written by Ray Tomlinson at BBN for ARPANET: SNDMSG and READMAIL. "@" sign chosen for its "at" meaning.

March 1973 First ARPANET international connections to University College of London (England) and NORSAR (Norway).

1974 • Intel releases the 8080 processor.
• Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection," which details the design of TCP.

1976 • Apple Computer founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.
•Queen Elizabeth II sends out an e-mail.
•Vint Cerf joins ARPA as program manager.

1978 TCP split into TCP and IP.

1979 Bob Metcalfe and others found 3Com (Computer Communication Compatibility).

1980 Tim Berners-Lee writes program called "Enquire Within," predecessor to the World Wide Web.

1981 IBM announces its first Personal Computer. Microsoft creates DOS.

1983 Cisco Systems founded.

Nov. 1983 Domain Name System (DNS) designed by Jon Postel, Paul Mockapetris, and Craig Partridge. .edu, .gov, .com, .mil, .org, .net, and .int created.

1984 William Gibson writes "Neuromancer." Coins the term "cyberspace".

March 15, 1985 Symbolic.com becomes the first registered domain.

1986 5000 hosts on ARPAnet/Internet.

1987 • 10,000 hosts on the Internet.
• First Cisco router shipped.
• 25 million PCs sold in US.

1989 • 100,000 hosts on Internet.
• McAfee Associates founded; anti-virus software available for free. Quantum becomes America Online.

1990 ARPAnet ends. Tim Berners-Lee creates the World Wide Web.

1992 "Surfing the Internet" is coined by Jean Armour Polly.

1993 • Mosaic Web browser developed by Marc Andreesen at University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana.
• InterNIC created.
• Web grows by 341,000 percent in a year.

April 1994 •Netscape Communications founded.
• Jeff Bezos writes the business plan for Amazon.com.
• Java's first public demonstration.

Dec. 1994 Microsoft licenses technology from Spyglass to create Web browser for Windows 95.

May 23, 1995 Sun Microsystems releases Java.

August 24, 1995 Windows 95 released.

1996 Domain name tv.com sold to CNET for $15,000. Browser wars begin. Netscape and Microsoft two biggest players.

1997 business.com sold for $150,000.

1998 US Depart of Commerce outlines proposal to privatize DNS. ICANN created by Jon Postel to oversee privatization. Jon Postel dies.

1999 •AOL buys Netscape; Andreesen steps down as full-time employee.
• Browsers wars declared over; Netscape and Microsoft share almost 100% of browser market.
• Microsoft declared a monopoly by US District Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson.

January 10, 2000 •AOL Merges with Time-Warner. AOL shareholders take 55% stake in newly formed company.

For a more extensive time-line visit Hobbes' Internet Timeline and Nerds 2.0.1 Internet Timeline.

© 2000, MCH
Atnaujinta 2000.12.07

Aiškinamasis terminų ir santrumpų žodynėlis (pildomas)

EP- Electronic Publishing

Brief Timeline of the Internet